Essential Oil from the Stem Bark of Casuarina equisetifolia Exerts Anti-inflammatory and Anti-nociceptive Activities in Rats

Abstract Herein the chemical constituents and the anti-pain properties of the essential oil from the stem bark of Casuarina equisetifolia L. (Casuarinaceae) grown in Nigeria were evaluated. The essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation method in an all glass Clevenger-type apparatus, and characterized by gas chromatography (GC-FID) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The hot plate method was used to determine the anti-nociceptive property whereas the anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan-induced and formalin experimental models. The pale-yellow essential oil was obtained in yield of 0.21% (v/w), calculated on a dry weight basis. The main constituents of the essential oil were methyl salicylate (30.4%), a-zingiberene (15.5%), (E)-anethole (9.5%), b-bisabolene (8.6%), b- sesquiphellandrene (6.9%), and ar-curcumene (6.2%). In the anti-nociceptive study, the rate of inhibition increases as the doses of essential oil increases with optimum activity at the 30th and 60th min for all tested doses. The essential oil displayed anti-nociceptive activity independently of reaction time at the highest tested dose (200 mg/kg). The essential oil of C. equisetifolia moderately reduced pain responses in early and late phases of the formalin test. The oil inhibited the paw licking in the neurogenic phase (60-63%) compared to the late phase of the formalin test. The carrageenan- induced oedema model revealed the suppression of inflammatory mediators within the 1st - 3rd h. Thus, C. equisetifolia essential oil displayed both anti-nociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities independent of the dose tested. The anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive activities of C. equisetifolia essential oil are herein reported for the first time

Chemical compositions, larvicidal and antimicrobial activities of Zingiber castaneum (Škorničk. & Q.B. Nguyễn) and Zingiber nitens (M.F. Newman) essential oils

Abstract In this paper, the chemical constituents, larvicidal and antimicrobial activities of hydrodistilled essential oils from Zingiber castaneum Škorničk. & Q.B. Nguyễn and Zingiber nitens M.F. Newman were reported. The main constituents of Z. castaneum leaf were bicyclogermacrene (24.8%), germacrene D (12.9%), cis-β-elemene (11.2%) and β-pinene (10.3%), while sabinene (22.9%) and camphene (21.2%) were the significant compounds in the rhizome. However, the dominant compounds in the leaf of Z. nitens includes β-pinene (45.8%) and α-pinene (10.7%). Terpinen-4-ol (77.9%) was the most abundant compound of the rhizome. Z. castaneum rhizome oil displayed larvicidal activity against Aedes aegypti and Culex quinquefasciatus with LC50 values of 121.43 and 88.86 µg/mL, respectively, at 24 h. The leaf oil exhibited activity with LC50 values of 39.30 µg/mL and 84.97 µg/mL, respectively. Also, the leaf and rhizome oils of Z. nitens displayed greater larvicidal action towards Ae. aegypti with LC50 values of 17.58 µg/mL and 29.60 µg/mL, respectively. Only the rhizome oil displayed toxicity against Cx. quinquefasciatus with LC50 value of 64.18 µg/mL. All the studied essential oils inhibited the growth of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC25923 with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of 50.0 µg/mL. This paper provides information on the larvicidal and antimicrobial potentials of Z. castaneum and Z. nitens essential oils.

Chemical constituents of essential oils from three Vietnamese species of Pinus / Constituyentes químicos de los aceites esenciales de tres especies Vietnamitas de Pinus

This paper reports the chemical composition of essential oils obtained from Pinus dalatensis Ferré, Pinus kwangtungensis Chun ex. Tsiang and Pinus armandii subsp. xuannhaensis L.K. Phan. The oils were studied by gas chromatograpgy (GC) and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The main constituents of P. dalatensis were the terpene hydrocarbons namely α-pinene (38.2%), ß- pinene (25.3%), ß-myrcene (11.0%) and ß-caryophyllene (10.5%), while α-cedrol (19.2%) was the only significant compound of P. armandi subsp. xuannhaensis. P. kwangtungensis showed ß-pinene (26.3%), α-pinene (18.0%), limonene (16.1%) and ß-myrcene (10.4%) as the dominant compounds. The volatile constituents of P. dalatensis and P. armandi subsp. xuannhaensis are being reported for the first time.

En este artículo se reportan los constituyentes químicos de los aceites esenciales de Pinus dalatensis Ferré, Pinus kwangtungensis Chun ex. Tsiang y Pinus armandii subsp. Xuannhaensis L.K. Phan que se analizaron mediante cromatografía de Gases (GC) y por Cromatografía de Gases acoplada a la Espectrometría de Masas (GC-EM). Los principales constituyentes de P. dalatensis fueron los hidrocarburos terpénicos, a saber, α-pineno (38.2%), ß-pineno (25.3%), ß-mirceno (11.0%) y ß-cariofileno (10.5%). Por otro lado, α- cedrol (19.2%) fue el único compuesto significativo de P. armandi subsp. Xuannhaensis mientras que el aceite de P. kwangtungensis estuvo dominado por ß-pineno (26.3%), α-pineno (18.0%), limoneno (16.1%) y ß-mirceno (10.4%). Los constituyentes volátiles de P. dalatensis y P. armandi subsp. xuannhaensis se informa por primera vez.

Chemical composition and antibacterial activity of essential oils from the rhizomes of cyperus papyrus L. grown in South Africa / Composición química y actividad antibacterial de los aceites esenciales de los rizomas de cyperus papurus L., crecidos en Sudafrica

Essential oils hydrodistilled from the rhizomes of Cyperus papyrus L. growing wild in two localities (KwaDlangezwa and Richard’s Bay) of uMhlathuze City, KwaZulu-Natal Province, South Africa has been studied. The major components of KwaDlangezwa oil were caryophyllene oxide (12.7 percent), cyperene (10.2 percent) and 1,8-cineole (8.4 percent). The oil of Richard’s Bay comprised mainly of caryophyllene oxide (24.4 percent), humulene epoxide II (13.2 percent), aristolene (9.1 percent) and aromadendrene epoxide II (7.3 percent). The antibacterial activity of the oils was assayed using agar-disc diffusion and broth-microdilution methods. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) revealed that the oil samples inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 3983 and ATCC 6538), with MIC of 1.25 and 0.31 mg/mL for each oil. Streptococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212; MIC of 1.25 and 0.6 mg/mL, respectively) and Escherichia coli (ATCC 4983; MIC of 1.25 mg/mL for both oils). Only the Richard Bay oil showed activity against Bacillus cereus and Bacillus pumilus with MIC of 1.25mg/mL, respectively.

Los aceites esenciales hidrodestilados de los rizomas de Cyperus papyrus L., que crecen en dos localidades (KwaDlangezwa y Bahía Richard) de la ciudad de uMhlathuze, la provincia KwaZulu-Natal, de Sudafrica han sido estudiados. Los mayores componentes del aceite de KwaDlangezwa fueron óxido de cariofileno (12,7 por ciento), cipereno (10,2 por ciento) y 1,8-cineol (8,4 por ciento). El aceite de la bahía de Richard consistió principalmente cariofileno (24,4 por ciento), epóxido II de humuleno (13,2 por ciento), aristoleno (9,1 por ciento) y epóxido II de aromandreno (7,3 por ciento). La actividad antibacterial de los aceites fueron ensayados utilizando la difusión en discos de agar y el método de microdilución en caldo. La concentración mínima inhibitoria (CMI) reveló que las muestras inhibieron el crecimiento de Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 3983 y ATCC 6538), con una MIC de 1,25 y 0,31 mg/ml de cada aceite. Streptococcus faecalis (ATCC 29212; CMI de 1,25 y 0.6 mg/mL, respectivamente) y Escherichia coli (ATCC 4983; CMI de 1,25 mg/mL para ambos aceites). Solo el aceite de la bahía Richard mostró actividad contra Bacillus cereus y Bacillus pumilis con CMI de 1,25 mg/mL, respectivamente.

Composition of essential oils from Euodia lepta (Spreng.) Merr and Euodia calophylla Guill., grown in Vietnam / Composición de los aceites esenciales de Euodia lepta (Spreng.) Merr y Euodia calophylla Guill., crecidas en Vietnam

The chemical compositions of essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation of the leaves, stems and flowers of Euodia lepta and Euodia callophylla grown in Vietnam and then analysed by gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) were being reported. The main compounds of the leaves oil of E. lepta were (E)-beta-ocimene (24.4 percent), alpha-pinene (9.8 percent), (Z)-beta-ocimene (6.3 percent) and delta-cadinene (5.2 percent), while the stems oil comprised of spathulenol (26.0 percent), (E)-beta- ocimene (9.9 percent) and (Z)-9-octadecenamide (7.7 percent). However, ciscarane (19.2 percent), alpha-cadinol (10.8 percent), alpha-pinene (10.5 percent) and (E)-beta-ocimene (9.0 percent) were present in the flowers oil of E. lepta. On the other hand, alpha-pinene (8.3 percent), trans-alpha-bergamotene (7.5 percent), (E)-beta-ocimene (7.0 percent) and (E)-nerolidol (6.6 percent) were the major constituents of the leaves oil of E. calophylla. The quantitatively significant compounds of the stems oil were (E,E)-alpha-farnesene (11.9 percent), alpha-terpinolene (11.3 percent) and alpha-pinene (8.2 percent), while alpha-pinene (21.6 percent), limonene (19.0 percent) and sabinene (15.5 percent) were obtained from the flowers oil...

La composición químicas de los aceites esenciales obtenidos por hidrodestilación de las hojas, tallos y flores de Euodia lepta y Euodia callophylla cultivadas en Vietnam, fueron analizados por cromatografía de gases-detector de ionización de llama (GC-FID) y la cromatografía de gases/espectrometría de masas (GC-MS). Los principales compuestos del aceite de hojas de E. lepta fueron (E) -beta-ocimeno (24,4 por ciento), alfa-pineno (9,8 por ciento), (Z)-beta- ocimeno (6,3 por ciento) y delta-cadineno (5.2 por ciento), mientras que los tallos de aceite estaban compuestos de spatulenol (26,0 por ciento), (E) -beta-ocimeno (9,9 por ciento) y (Z) -9- octadecenamida (7,7 por ciento). Sin embargo, cis-carano (19,2 por ciento), alfa-cadinol (10,8 por ciento), alfa-pineno (10,5 por ciento) y (E) -beta-ocimeno (9,0 por ciento) estaban presentes en el aceite de flores de E. lepta. Por otro lado, alfa-pineno (8,3 por ciento), trans-alfa-bergamoteno (7,5 por ciento), (E) - beta-ocimeno (7,0 por ciento) y (E) -nerolidol (6,6 por ciento) fueron los principales constituyentes del aceite de las hojas de E. calophylla. Los compuestos cuantitativamente significativos del aceite de los tallos fueron (E, E)-farneseno -alfa (11,9 por ciento), alfa-terpinoleno (11,3 por ciento) y alfa-pineno (8,2 por ciento), mientras que alfa-pineno (21,6 por ciento), limoneno (19,0 por ciento) y sabineno (15,5 por ciento) se obtuvieron del aceite de las flores...